Various forms of Urdu poetry
~Khayaal~:
Hi all.....as I go through many of the threads here in Shayeri section.....I find that there are many of us who do not understand the differences between a Ghazal and Nazms, rubayi and Sher.....rubayi and Qatta......many of them are not aware of these terms as well.....so here I am with my little knowledge of these.....posting the definations of most of the terms and forms of Urdu Shayeri.....
First of all every Shayer should be aware of various parts of the verse....here are few which I know
Matla : It is what we call an introduction in an essay, it is the first Sher of the Ghazal which signifies the topic of the ghazal (not all the times)
Maqta : It is the last Sher of a Ghazal, it may or may not be present, it often includes the Taqallus(pen name) of the Shayer.
Baher : Baher in Urdu shayeri is the meter of a sher. It is considered as the length of the sher.
Radeef : It is the last word used in qafiyas, mostly in the Shers of a Ghazal.
Misra : One line of the Sher.
~Khayaal~:
1. Ghazal : The most popular form of Urdu Shayeri is Ghazal(Arabic), The literary meaning of the Ghazal is to converse with beloved. Ghazal is a collection of couplets (shers or ashaar) which follow the rules of 'matla', 'maqta', 'bahar', 'qafiya' and 'radeef'.
The couplets of a Ghazal are complete in themselves. All the couplets of a ghazal must be of the same baher, end in the same words (radeef) and have the same rhyming pattern (qaafiyaa). Every ghazal MUST have a matla. A ghazal may or may not have a maqta but if it does, it has to be the last sher of the ghazal.
Ghazals which do not have a radeef are called Gair-muraddaf ghazals. In such cases, the rule of qafiya is strictly followed. These type of ghazals are very rare. Ghazals with the same radeef are called ham-radeef ghazals.
Example :
Haath chhoote bhi to rishte nahin chhodaa karte
waqt kii shaakh se lamhe nahin todaa karte
jis kii aavaaz mein silvat ho nigaahon men shikan
aisi tasveer ke tukde nahin jodaa karte
shahad jeene ka mila karta hai thodaa thodaa
jaane vaalon ke liye dil nahin thodaa karte
lag ke saahil se jo bahtaa hai use bahne do
aisi dariya ka kabhi rukh nahin modaa karate
~Khayaal~:
2. Nazm : In a broad sense, nazm is a term used to define all kinds of Urdu shayeri which do not fall into any other category..... however, in a literary sense, a nazm is a well organized, logically evolving poem where each individual verse serves the need of the central concept or theme of the poem. Though a nazm is traditionally written in rhymed verse, there are many examples of nazms written in unrhymed verse, or even in free verse.
Example :
Roz sahil pe khade hoke yahi dekha hai
Shaam ka pighla hua surkh-sunhari rogan
Roz matiyale-se paani mein yeh ghul jaata hai
Roz sahil pe khade hoke yahi socha hai
Mein jo pighali huee rangeen shafaq ka rogan
Ponchh loo haathon pe
Aur chpuke se ik baar kabhi
Tere gulnaar se rukhsaaron pe chhap se mal doon
Shaam ka pighala hua surkh-sunhari rogan
~Khayaal~:
3. Qatta : A poem consisting of four lines, in the form of two shers. However, unlike shers in a ghazal, the subject of the two shers is the same. It is believed that the qataa was invented for occasions when poets felt that they were unable to express their thoughts completely and satisfactorily in a single sher.
Example :
pehle to mujhe kar diyaa ruswa sar-e-mehfil
phir de rahi hai ghair ko bosaa sar-e-mehfil
nam ho ke jhukii hain mirii aankhein jo dekha
ae husn tera aaj tamaashaa sar-e-mahfil
~Khayaal~:
4. Rubayi : A self-sufficient quartrain, rhyming (a, a, b, a) and dealing generally with a single idea, which is customarily introduced and developed with the aid of similes in the first three lines, and concluded, with concentrated effort and impact, in the fourth line.The most well known rubaayis in Persian were written by Omar Khayyam. In Urdu, some of the most well known practitioners of this form were Firaq, Josh and Yagna Yaas Changezi.
Example :
Kahan khamosh baitha hai ae khayale-naadan
Gar ho sake to apni daastan suna
Tamashaayi bane tujhko jo dekhate hain log
Unhen bhi kuchh unki jabaan suna
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